This article, written by Tina Collins, Principal and president-elect of the National Association of Enrolled Agents (NAEA), was originally published in the Summer 2026 issue of EA Journal, a publication of the NAEA, and reprinted with permission.
A long-time client sits across the desk as you review his tax documents. Near the end of the meeting, he casually mentions income from consulting work but explains that he never received a Form 1099. “It probably won’t matter,” he says with a shrug. “If the IRS didn’t get a form, they won’t know about it anyway.”
In that moment, the issue facing the practitioner is not simply a technical one; it is an ethical one.
Most ethical challenges in tax practice do not arise as obvious violations of the law. Instead, they emerge in quieter moments. When a client suggests leaving off income because “no form was issued,” when guidance is ambiguous, and an aggressive interpretation appears defensible, or when the pressure to deliver a larger refund begins to influence professional judgment. These are the moments where professional responsibility becomes most important.
Federally authorized to represent taxpayers before the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), enrolled agents (EAs) are entrusted not only with technical expertise but with professional integrity. The privilege of representing taxpayers before the IRS carries a responsibility to uphold the highest standards of professional conduct. Our role extends beyond preparing accurate returns. It includes exercising sound judgment, maintaining due diligence, and protecting both our clients and the integrity of the tax system. Often, it is in these gray areas where the ethical foundation of our profession is most clearly demonstrated.
The Ethical Framework for Enrolled Agents
The ethical responsibilities of enrolled agents are grounded in professional standards that guide our work as federally authorized tax practitioners. Treasury Department Circular 230 establishes the rules governing practice before the IRS and outlines expectations for competence, diligence, and integrity.
Several provisions within Circular 230 directly affect everyday tax practice. Practitioners must exercise due diligence when preparing or assisting in the preparation of tax returns and other documents submitted to the IRS. This responsibility includes making reasonable inquiries when information appears incorrect, incomplete, or inconsistent. In addition, advice provided to clients must be based on a reasonable interpretation of the law and supported by appropriate authority.
Circular 230 also addresses situations involving client noncompliance. When a practitioner becomes aware that a client has not complied with the tax law or has made an error on a previously filed return, the practitioner must inform the client of the issue and the potential consequences. While the decision to correct the issue ultimately belongs to the client, the practitioner’s responsibility is to ensure the client understands the risks involved.
Practitioners must also remain aware of preparer penalty provisions under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). Internal Revenue Code §6695 outlines penalties that may apply when preparers fail to meet the required standards of diligence and accuracy.
Together, these standards create a framework that emphasizes both technical competence and ethical responsibility. The EA credential represents federal authorization and public trust. Upholding that trust requires more than technical knowledge of tax law; it requires thoughtful and principled professional judgment.
Ethical Pressure Points in Everyday Practice
Although the ethical framework for enrolled agents is well established, the most difficult ethical questions often arise during routine interactions with clients. These situations frequently involve competing pressures, incomplete information, or evolving guidance.
Aggressive Positions in Ambiguous Law
Tax law is complex, and practitioners regularly encounter situations where guidance does not provide a clear answer. In these cases, the practitioner must evaluate available authority and determine whether a particular tax position is reasonably supported.
Client expectations can complicate this process. Clients may hear about strategies from media sources, online discussions, or other advisors and ask practitioners to apply those strategies to their own circumstances. While some tax positions may appear technically defensible, practitioners must determine whether sufficient authority exists and whether the position can be adequately documented.
The challenge lies in distinguishing between legitimate professional interpretation and rationalizing a position primarily to satisfy client expectations. Ethical practice requires practitioners to carefully evaluate the authority supporting a position and to communicate clearly when a proposed strategy does not meet appropriate professional standards.
Incomplete or Selective Client Information
Another common challenge arises when clients provide incomplete or inconsistent information. In today’s digital economy, individuals often earn income from multiple sources, including online platforms, consulting work, and emerging financial technologies. As a result, clients may not always maintain complete records or fully understand their reporting obligations.
While tax practitioners are not auditors, they are required to make reasonable inquiries when information appears incorrect, incomplete, or inconsistent. This responsibility can lead to uncomfortable conversations, particularly when practitioners must request additional documentation or clarification.
Approaching these conversations with professionalism is essential. Explaining reporting requirements and emphasizing the importance of accurate information helps clients understand that these inquiries are part of responsible tax preparation, not expressions of distrust.
Refund-Driven Pressure
Recent experiences involving widely publicized tax incentives have illustrated another ethical pressure point in tax practice. When credits or incentives receive significant attention, practitioners may encounter clients who expect large refunds based on incomplete or misunderstood information.
In some cases, business models centered on refund generation can also create pressure on practitioners. When compensation or client expectations are tied to the size of a refund, the risk that professional judgment may be influenced by financial incentives increases.
Ethical practice requires practitioners to remain focused on protecting the client’s long-term interests. While a large refund may appear beneficial in the short term, claiming credits or deductions that cannot be supported may expose clients to penalties, interest, and potential examination in the future.
Across each of these situations, the practitioner’s challenge is balancing advocacy for the client with responsibility to the tax system.
Ethical Leadership and Firm Culture
Although ethical decisions are often made by individual practitioners, the professional culture within a firm or practice significantly influences those decisions.
Firm leaders play an important role in shaping ethical behavior by establishing expectations for documentation, review procedures, and professional conduct. When senior practitioners demonstrate thoughtful analysis and careful decision-making, they create an environment where ethical judgment is valued.
Encouraging open discussion of difficult situations can further strengthen ethical culture within a firm. Staff members should feel comfortable raising questions when they encounter uncertainty. Opportunities for mentorship and collaboration allow practitioners to learn from one another and develop stronger professional judgment.
Balancing efficiency with diligence is another key aspect of ethical leadership. Tax practitioners often work under significant time pressure, particularly during filing season. Maintaining appropriate review procedures and documentation standards helps ensure that ethical considerations remain central to the decision-making process.
By fostering a culture that values thoughtful analysis and open communication, firms can ensure that ethical practice becomes a shared professional standard rather than an individual burden.
Ultimately, the strength of the enrolled agent credential is not measured solely by knowledge of the tax law, but by the judgment practitioners exercise when the answers are not perfectly clear.
Every return we sign and every piece of advice we provide reflects not only on our individual practice but also on the reputation of the entire profession.
When enrolled agents approach the gray areas of tax practice with diligence, transparency, and integrity, they protect their clients from unnecessary risk and reinforce the trust placed in us as federally authorized tax professionals.
In the gray areas where the law leaves room for interpretation, the enrolled agent’s greatest responsibility—and greatest contribution—is the integrity of their professional judgment.
The NAEA represents enrolled agents and taxpayers before Congress, the IRS, and state and federal policymakers to advocate for fair tax policy. Members of NAEA can read the article in EA Journal.
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